Research Under A Paradigm Must

Normal Science, The Activity In Which Most Scientists Inevitably Spend Most All Their Time, Is Predicated On The Assumption That The Scientific Community Knows What The World Is Like. Normal Science Often Suppresses Fundamental Novelties Because They Are Necessarily Subversive Of Its Basic Commitments.

Communication Across The Revolutionary Divide Is Inevitably Partial.

Individuals Who Break Through By Inventing A New Paradigm Are Almost Always Either Very Young Men Or Very New To The Field Whose Paradigm They Change. These Are The Men Who, Being Little Committed By Prior Practice To The Traditional Rules Of Normal Science, Are Particularly Likely To See That Those Rules No Longer Define A Playable Game And Conceive Another Set That Can Replace Them.

All Significant Breakthroughs Are Break -“withs” Old Ways Of Thinking.

Concerned To Reconstruct Past Ideas, Historians Must Approach The Generation That Held Them As The Anthropologist Approaches An Alien Culture. They Must, That Is, Be Prepared At The Start To Find That Natives Speak A Different Language And Map Experience Into Different Categories From Those They Themselves Bring From Home. And They Must Take As Their Object The Discovery Of Those Categories And The Assimilation Of The Corresponding Language.